governance [agility.wiki]

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====== Governance ======
===== Common Problems with Digital Commons Governance =====
==== Market or Government ====
Appropriators of digital commons, e.g. the users of open source software are faced with a similar false dilemma as with physical commons: should development and maintenance be left to the market?  This risks vendor lock-in and other monopoly problems like pricing and knowledge dependency.  Or should development and maintenance be done by government?  Which risks stagnation and other bureaucratic problems like lack of ownership and slow decision-making. 

==== Free-Rider problem ====
  - Digital means 'free' is not a cost to the collective
  - In practice: not features or scope but degradation of quality is the cost.  

===== Design Principles for Governing the Commons =====

From //Governing the Commons//, [[https://openlibrary.org/books/OL1850361M/Governing_the_commons | Ostrom, Elinor (1990)]]

  - **Clearly defined boundaries** Individuals or households who have rights to withdraw resource units from the CPR must be clearly defined, as must the boundaries of the CPR itself.
  - **Congruence between appropriation, provision rules and local conditions**  Appropriation rules restricting time, place, technology, and/or quantity of resource units are related to local conditions and to provision rules requiring labor, material, and/or money.
  - **Collective-choice arrangements**  Most individuals affected by the operational rules can participate in modifying the operational rules.
  - **Monitoring**  Monitors, who actively audit CPR conditions and appropriator behavior, are accountable to the appropriators or are the appropriators.
  - **Graduated sanctions** Appropriators who violate operational rules are likely to be assessed graduated sanctions (depending on the seriousness and context of the offense) by other appropriators, by officials accountable to these appropriators, or by both.
  - **Conflict-resolution mechanisms** Appropriators and their officials have rapid access to low-cost local arenas to resolve conflicts among appropriators or between appropriators and officials.
  - **Minimal recognition of rights to organize** The rights of appropriators to devise their own institutions are not challenged by external governmental authorities.

For commons that are parts of larger systems:

8. **Nested enterprises** The design principles for commons need to appear in multiple layers of the larger systems.